生产低硫汽油的新技术

介绍了我国及欧美等国家车用汽油标准中对硫含量的规定，以及降低催化汽油硫含量的几种工艺方法，特别是新发展起来的FCC脱硫助剂、FCC脱硫催化剂和膜分离等技术。采用新的脱硫技术可以在不同程度上降低催化汽油的硫含量。适应不同的脱硫要求，为炼油厂生产低硫汽油提供了更多的技术选择。     

无铅汽油尾气颗粒物组分及其毒性研究

为研究无铅汽油的降铅效果。及其排出尾气颗粒物的有机提取物组分对小鼠细胞免疫功能的影响，采用大流量采样仪采集无铅汽油尾气颗粒物，用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测了颗粒物的铅含量，并采用气相色谱和质谱方法分析了颗粒物有机提取物的组分，同时，用凝胶电泳方法比较无铅汽油颗粒物的有机提取物在加铅和不加铅的条件下，对小鼠巨噬细胞的凋亡影响，结果显示，无铅汽油尾气排出颗粒物上仍有微量的铅，约为0.11mg/g。颗粒物有机提取物中含有大量的有害物质，如多环芳烃，杂环化合物等，通过凝胶电泳法显示，无论是有铅还是无铅，颗粒物有机提取物都能引起小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的凋亡，在有铅的情况下，对巨噬细胞的凋亡影响更为明显，通过研究可以认为，无铅汽油对减轻汽车尾气的铅污染具有积极作用。但颗粒物上仍吸附大量的有害物质，对机体的免疫功能仍具有危害。     

柴油发动机隔振方面的仿真研究

本文主要研究模糊控制技术在柴油发动机隔振系统中的应用，将模糊控制技术引入柴油发动机隔振主动控制系统，针对柴油发动机隔振模拟实验台架的振动特点，建立了控制系统数学模型，进行了柴油发动机隔振模拟实验台架垂直方向的仿真研究。     

柴油汽车掺烧LPG降低黑烟排放技术

研究了柴油机掺烧液化石油气(LPG)以降低黑烟排放的技术方案，并开发出了一种以独特型板调节装置为特征的机械控制式柴油/LPG双燃料供给系统。发动机不改变原有结构加装该系统后即成为柴油/LPG双燃料发动机，可以同时燃烧柴油和LPG两种燃料，并且在整个工作范围内，随着工况变化能够按照预先优化设定的型板型线规律而自动调节柴油／LPG供给量比例，使烟度降低50％以上，同时满足经济性、动力性以及操作性能等要求，此外，也可以切换为单独燃烧柴油，而不改变发动机的原有性能。该系统结构简单、成本低廉，非常适合于改装城市在用公交车，降低其黑烟排放。     

高原铁路机车乘务人员生理选拔指标研究

为了研究高原铁路机车乘务员生理选拔指标,确定生理指标鉴定标准值,选择西宁铁路分局西格段机车司机500人进行指标体系鉴定试验。其结果表明:西格段机车司机总体合格率为31.6%,年龄、行车线路高度差对合格率有较大影响;确认红细胞压积、白细胞计数、血小板计数、血氧饱和度、血糖、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素、尿蛋白和尿红细胞为较敏感的高原低氧生理代偿指标;可作为生理适应性筛检指标。提出选拔青藏铁路机车乘务员应采用基础体检、高原适应性体检二级结构模型;制定了高原机车乘务员体检鉴定医学标准、测试方法、合格判定标准。     

Effects of compression ratio,swirl augmentation techniques and ethanol addition on the combustion of CNG–biodiesel in a dual-fuel engine

The diminishing resources and continuously increasing cost of petroleum in association with their alarming pollution levels from diesel engines has led to an interest in finding alternative fuels to diesel. Emission control and engine efficiency are two of the most important parameters in current engine design. The impending introduction of emission standards such as Euro IV and Euro V has forced research towards developing new technologies for combating engine emissions. This paper examines the effects of compression ratio, swirl augmentation techniques and ethanol addition on the combustion of compressed natural gas (CNG) blended with Honge oil methyl esters (HOME) in a dual fuel engine. The present results show that the combustion of HOME and 15% ethanol blend with CNG induction in a dual-fuel engine operated in optimized parameters at an injection timing of 27° Before Top Dead Centre and a compression ratio of 17.5 resulted in acceptable combustion emissions and improved brake thermal efficiencies. The implementation of swirl augmentation techniques increased brake thermal efficiencies (BTEs) and considerably reduced combustion emissions such as smoke, HC, CO and NO_x. The addition of ethanol also increased BTEs. However, at more than 15% of ethanol in HOME, NO_x emissions increased dramatically.     

柴油机微粒中可溶性有机成分的真空干燥条件

柴油机碳烟颗粒(PM)中可溶性有机组分(SOF)含量是其重要的特性参数,而真空干燥法可方便、高效、可靠地分析颗粒SOF含量,对其干燥条件的探索具有重要的研究意义和应用价值。首先采用模拟的柴油机颗粒,分析不同的干燥条件对模拟SOF(柴油、润滑油)挥发率的影响规律,得出模拟的SOF分析的最佳干燥条件;在此基础上,探索了真实柴油机颗粒SOF分析的最佳干燥条件为:干燥温度220℃、干燥时间3 h、真空度98 kPa,得知SOF组分干燥的难易程度介于柴油和润滑油之间;同时,根据此干燥条件,分析了排气管末端采集的真实碳烟颗粒的SOF含量特性。     

An experimental apparatus for testing biodiesels based on a CFR engine—setup and validation with different methyl ester blends

A cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine was modified and instrumented in order to control operating conditions and to measure engine parameters and in-cylinder pressure diagrams. Aiming at the comparison of different alternative fuels, an experimental procedure was defined, including cetane number (CN) evaluation and the definition of engine operating quantities in different working points, for fixed levels of compression ratio (CR) and injection advance. An investigation was made considering several blends of methyl-esters of rapeseed oil (RME) and of a mix of vegetable oils (VOME) with conventional diesel oil. The defined experimental procedure was applied to assess CN, engine brake thermal efficiency (bte) and exhaust emissions. Results show that the biodiesel content has a positive influence on soot emissions, with strong reduction, while thermal efficiency and NO_X emissions are negatively affected, which can be justified taking into account fuel properties and changes in combustion process. As observed outcomes are generally in line with those presented in literature, the facility proved to be a suitable tool for basic investigations on alternative fuels to be used in specific applications.     

柴油低温临界吸收法回收装车挥发油气

研究了采用柴油低温临界吸收法回收装车挥发油气的效果。实验结果表明：按装车挥发油气中的总烃体积分数为20.88%、装车挥发油气流量为280 m³/h、年运行时间为2 668 h计，装置年回收油气量为291 t，装置年最大运行功率为206.770 MW，装置投资回收期为3 a;处理后净化气中的总烃体积分数为1.24%，排放质量浓度低于25 g/m³，油气回收率达95%。处理后净化气满足GB 20950—2007《储油库大气污染物排放标准》，取得了较好的环保效益和经济效益。     

Ergonomic assessment of selected workstations on a merchant ship

This study describes some key ergonomic factors within the engine room, navigation bridge and other locations of a merchant ship. Ergonomic assessments were carried out on a crew of a merchant ship. The study examines the importance of factors such as noise, vibration, heat radiation (in machinery areas), psychological stress and ergonomics of the physical arrangement of the navigation bridge. It also addresses the effect of working in confined areas for a long duration and the need to process large amounts of data, decision-making and the influence of specific operating conditions in different areas of a ship. This study includes analysis of workstations, working methods and the burden of environmental factors as well as a discussion of specific marine environmental conditions such as confined working and leisure spaces, long-term family and sociocultural separation, frequent changes in climate and time zones, and temporary physical overload and long-term psychological burdens.